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Ripple Counter: How Four Toggle Flip-Flops Count to Sixteen

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4-bit asynchronous ripple counter — chain four toggle (J = K = 1) flip-flops with each Q driving the next stage's clock. Each stage halves the frequency, so Q_0 is the LSB toggling every clock and Q_3 is the MSB toggling every eight clocks; together they spell out a binary count from 0 to 15. The 'ripple' name comes from the propagation-delay cascade — bits flip one stage at a time.

ripple counterasynchronous counterT flip-flopdivide-by-twobinary counterfrequency divider
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